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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00092_Text_res29t.txt
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1997-02-04
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Other investigators have had
difficulty in utilizing BowerΓÇÖs
methods. Even if all of BowerΓÇÖs
findings were substantiated,
however, they would not rule
out the possibility that
constancy is an achievement
based on experience. Infants
could develop constancy in the
first several weeks of life. But
with other methods, the
presence of size constancy in
very young infants, in fact
even in newly born infants,
has been confirmed. For
example, recently Cad Granrud
at Carnegie Mellon University,
using a new method called
habituation (to be described in
Chapter 5), has shown that
infants only a few days old
perceive an object to be the
same size when its distance and
therefore its retinal-image size
change, and tend not to
perceive an object to be the
same size when the size of its
retinal image is maintained but
the objectΓÇÖs size and distance
are altered.
Bower also performed
experiments on constancy of
shape in which the
conditioned stimulus was a
rectangle at a slant. The
infants responded strongly
when the rectangle was
oriented to the frontal plane,
suggesting that it looked much
the same, but they responded
only weakly to a trapezoidal
shape in the frontal plane that
generated the same retinal
shape as the rectangle. These
findings were confirmed by
Australian investigators R. H.
Day and B. E. McKenzie and by
Alan Slater and Victoria
Morison at the University of
Exeter in England, who
obtained evidence for shape
constancy in newborn infants
using the habituation method.